Blood Management for Patients Undergoing Total Joint Arthroplasty.

» Many symptoms that are traditionally attributed to postoperative anemia, including dizziness, orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia, and low urine output, often represent a volume-depletion problem that will respond to intravenous fluid administration without the need for red blood-cell transfusion; while intravascular volume repletion with crystalloids may result in hemodilution, there is little change in circulating red blood-cell mass.